Updates should work, but this profile is also ment for manually update, not though the 'Settings' section.
The proper idea is to go to Windows update catalog website and fetch the .cab files yourself and apply them. Currently that would be:
AMD64-all-windows10.0-kb4549947-x64_5e69903a9d0b0323bb0eb81bf361fe0bc1700b75.msu
AMD64_X86_ARM-all-windows10.0-kb4552924-x64_dd0744e29f54be0c3891bb6339480a845e947050.msu
windows10.0-kb4551853-x64_ce1ea7def481ee2eb8bba6db49ddb42e45cba54f.msu
(Servicing pack, Net4, 1809 Cumulative update)
They *should* apply fine when you manually re-enable Windows update service and windows modules installer.
And turn them back off afterwards.
I don't think you'd ever want to attempt a 'repair' though on NTLited builds.
Edit: No matter whether the profile works with manually updating, the chance of newer updates released by microsoft are no guarantee that they also apply to this profile successfully. This is basically unavoidable on NTLited builds, nature of the beast
I would in all honesty also not recommend applying updates to any NTLited OS, as it could re-add removed components in an instant, or parts of it. And updates can also revert registry modifications without you knowing it.
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Thats why I prefer Live scripts these days, just apply them after an update, works great.